English Grammar

 

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DEFINITION OF  ENGLISH GRAMMAR

The study or use of the rules about how words

change their form and combine with other words to express meaning.

Parts of Speech

In English grammar, the eight major parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

1.    Nouns

The easy way to remember nouns is that they refer to people, places, or things. Even intangible or abstract concepts like ideas or thoughts are things. In the following sentences, the nouns are highlighted:

Sally doesn’t use an iPhone . Jared doesn’t eat veg . The Earth is not the center of the universe .

2.    Pronouns

Pronouns are words that replace nouns: I, me, she, we, they, who, that, yours, his, her, etc.

Pronouns need antecedents. That means that the thing (or person, or place) that the pronoun refers to needs to have been mentioned already by name somewhere earlier in the sentence or paragraph. If it’s not clear which thing the pronoun refers to, the reader can get quite confused.

I swam in the ocean. You swam in the ocean. He swam in the ocean. She swam in the ocean. It swam in the ocean.

3.    Adjectives

Adjectives are descriptive words that add detail to a sentence. They can give important or necessary information (e.g., Please hand me the blue paper), or they can just make the sentence more interesting (e.g. A frigid wind blew around the icy town). Adjectives describe nouns. Please sew the red dress. The weather is hot and humid . The stuffed toy is fuzzy and round .

4.    Verbs

Verbs are action words: that’s a rather simplified explanation, but it’s the clearest one. Verbs tell you what the subject of the sentence is up to.

He ran into the wall. She buys new shoes. The cat licks its fur.

5.    Adverbs

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or even a whole sentence. Adverbs often end with the suffix -ly (for example, badly, hungrily), but some look the same as their adjective forms (for example, the word fast is used as both an adjective and adverb).

6.    Prepositions

Prepositions are little words that tell where or when (among other things) something is. The monkey is on his back. The glue is behind the board. The dreamcatcher is above the bed.

7.    Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words like and, but, and or that connect concepts, clauses, or parts of sentences.

I wanted to meet her there on time, but I got stuck in traffic. You can’t wear socks and sandals.

8.    Interjections

Interjections are words like wow and yay. They’re sounds we make to convey extreme emotion or to create emphasis when we’re talking, sometimes when we can’t think of a good way to express ourselves. The problem with interjections is that they require a great deal of context to be understood. For instance, hey can mean hello, or that’s great, or stop doing that. Hey! How’s it going? Wow! Those fireworks are impressive. Yay! I passed calculus!

KINDS OF NOUN

1)  COMMON NOUN :-    It is a type of noun which is common in sense. E.g; Lake , student, city, Doctor, road, park etc

2)  PROPER NOUN :-    It is a type of noun which is particular in sense. E.g; Dal lake , 

 I.G road , Srinagar city, Dr. G.M Wani etc.

3)  ABSTRACT NOUN :-    It is a kind of noun which can feel only but can’t be touched

 e.g Pain, voice, smell, beauty, rainbow etc.

4)  COLLECTIVE NOUN :-   It is a kind of noun which shows the collection of noun.

 E.g.

Streak:   group of tiger

Army :-  collection of troops

Choir :-  collection of singers

Bouquet :-   collection of flowers

Herd :-  collection of sheep

Library :-  collection of books

Team :-  collection of players

Family :-   collection of members

5) MATERIAL NOUN :-   It is a kind of noun out of which things are made of . e.g wood, 

clay , cotton, wool, gold, iron etc.

6)  CONCRETE NOUN:-    A noun which refers to areal physical object.

7)  COUNT OR COUNTABLE NOUN :-   It is that type of noun that can be counted.

                                                OR

A noun that can be used in the singular & the plural. E.g we can say ‘ books’ there is more than one, so books is a count noun, unlike ‘information’ which is uncountable.

8)  NOUN PHRASES:-    A group of words which together behaves as a noun. E.g;

      In the sentence “we took the ‘night train’  and do you know the man is sitting in the corner the night train and the man sitting in the corner  are noun phrases.

Types of Pronouns

There are seven types of pronouns

1. Personal pronouns:

 

Personal pronouns refer to a specific person or thing. Their form changes to indicate a person, number, gender, or case.

Subjective personal pronouns are pronouns that act as the subject of a sentence.

"I walked directly to the party."

"You showed up late; she was annoyed."

"He thought you had forgotten; we know you were just behind."

Objective personal pronouns are pronouns that act as the object of a sentence.

"The police officer told my brother and me to slow down."

"He pointed to the pedestrians and said to be careful of them."

"The police officer said there are a lot of speedy motorists like us."

Possessive personal pronouns are pronouns that show possession. They define a person (or a number of people) who owns a particular object.

"Is this book yours or his?"

"All the books are mine."

"Nobody's house has as many books as theirs, not even ours."

2. Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun. This and these refer to things that are nearby in space or time, while that and those refer to things that are farther away in space or further away in time. For example:

 

"This is the dress I will wear; that is the one I wore yesterday."

"That is not true."

"Please pay for those."

 

3. Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, which, and what. If you are learning English as a second language, it is important to remember that who and whom are used to refer to people, while which is used to refer to things and animals. Who acts as the subject, while whom acts as the object. For example:

 

"Which is the best restaurant?"

"What did he tell you?"

"Whom should we invite?"

4. Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are who, whom, that, and which. The compounds whoever, whomever, and whichever are also commonly used relative pronouns. For example:

 

"Whoever added the bill made a mistake."

"The bill, which included all our meals, was larger than expected."

"The waiter who served us doesn't know how to add."

5. Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to an identifiable, but not specified, person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.

remember the following common indefinite pronouns: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone.

 For example:

 

"Everybody got lost on the way there."

"Somebody forgot to bring the map."

"No wonder so few showed up."

 

6. Reflexive pronouns:

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. The reflexive pronouns used in writing English are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. For example:

 

"She baked a cake for herself."

"We decided to eat it ourselves."

"We heard her say, 'They should be ashamed of themselves.'"

7. Intensive pronouns

Intensive pronouns are used to emphasize their antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. For example:

 

"I myself find pronouns fascinating."

"They themselves think everyone should know about pronouns."

"You yourself should tell everyone how great pronouns are."