NCERT 8TH ENGLISH GRAMMAR

NCERT

 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 

(ENGLISH-PART B)

Syllabus for Term 2nd

I)Paragraph

II) Letter Writing

III) Dialogue

IV) Dairy Entry

V) E-mail

VI) Tense

VII) Narration

VIII) Modals

IX) Preposition

X) Conjuction

xi) Clauses

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I)Paragraph

The Importance of Water

water is a beautiful and useful gift of nature. Water is one of the most important substance on earth. it is essential for our survival. All plants and animals must have water to survive. if there was  not water there would be no life on earth. Apart from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water. These include:

•  Cooking
• Bathing
• washing clothes
• Washing utensils & Cooking
• Keeping houses  & Communities clean
• Recreation; such as swimming pools
• Keeping plants alive in gardens and parks

Water is also essential for the healthy growth of farm crops and farm stock & is used in the manufacture of many products. Water that is safe for drinking is called potable water. in short it is a part & parcel of earthy life.

II) Letter Writing

Letters may be divided into following three categories

1. Private or Personal letters

2. Business Letters

3. Official Letters

1. Private or Personal letters (Informal Letters)

Such letters are written to friends & relatives.

Language should be clear & simple

This kind of letters has following four parts:

a) The heading

Sender's address & date of writing the letter is written in the heading, e.g,--

Gulshan Abad

Hyderpora

Srinagar

18 Sep 2021

Senders Address is written at the top left or right corner of the letter.

b) The Salutation

In this part of the letter, the addressee is addressed by using some special words. 'My dear' or 'Dear' can be used for close friends and relatives.

e.g My dear Ashok    My dear Sunita        My dear Father

     Dear Vijay            Dear Misha                Dear Uncle

Following words can be used for the known people:

• Mr before the name of man
• Master before the name of young boy
• Mrs before the name of young women
• Miss before the name of unmarried girl/woman
• Ms can be used for both Miss & Mrs.

c) The Body

This is the main portion of the letter. It contains all the information or news the sender wants to convey.

The following things should be kept in mind while writing this portion of the letter:

• The language of the letter should be grammatically correct & meaningful.
• First person pronoun 'I' Should be avoided.
• Do not use very long sentences.
• Never use bitter words in your letter.

d) The Ending

While ending the letter following points should be kept in mind:

i) For blood relatives, use the following words.

Yours affectionately, Your affectionate son.

ii) For friends, use the following words-

Yours sincerely, Yours ever, Yours always,

Yours  very sincerely, Yours most sincerely, etc.

Yours affectionately can be used for very close friends.

iii) For a known but not very close person, following words are used-

Yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours very truly, etc.

iv) Following words are used for the Government officials:

Yours respectfully, Yours faithfully, etc.

v) A student uses the following words for his teacher, headmaster/principal:

Yours obediently, Yours most obedient pupil, etc.

The format of Personal letter is shown in image below:

Format of Personal Letter

2.  Official & Business Letters (Formal Letters)

3. Official Letters: Business letters are written to some public or private organisation. Official letters are written to Govt, officials & editor. These letters have following five parts:

i) The Heading (Same as in personal letters).

ii) The Name & Designation of the receiver. 

iii) The Salutation:

        For the person        Sir, or Dear Sir,

        For a firm or company        Sirs or Dear Sirs

iv) The Body:

    A business or official letter should be brief and to the point.

v) The Ending:

    Following words can be used to end such letter.

Yours truly, Yours faithfully

The format of Personal letter is shown in image below:

                                                III) Dialogue Writing

Given below is the Conversation between Shafia & Sahil. Complete the dialogue suitably:

Sahil: Hello! How are you? Pleased to see you.

Shafia: Me too

Sahil: Why do you look so happy?

Shafia: Our result has been declared today.

Sahil: Oh yes ! (a)____________________________

Shafia: I got a distinction

Sahil: Congratulations. (b)_________________.

Shafia: Yes, treat is due.

Sahil: Your parents must be happy.

Shafia: (c) ____________________.

Sahil: I would come to congratulate them also

Shafia: (d)________________________________.

Sahil: No, I have to go to see my uncle today.

Shafia: (e)_________________________________.

Sahil: He is not feeling well

Shafia: (f) __________________________________.

Sahil: Nothing serious, just viral fever.

Ans:

a)  How have you fared in it?

b)  Now, a grand treat is due.

c) Yes, They are very happy.

d) Will you accompany us to the pictures today?

e)  Any problems?

f)  Oh! What is wrong with him?

IV) Dairy Entry

Personal Diary Entry

Diary entry is an informal & personal form of writing. A diary' entry can be based on a personal experience, daily happenings or any important event of personal or public life. Most of the great men keep diaries in which they record their daily happenings and other important activities. In other words, diaries give a glimpse of the past incidents of a person's life. In fact, we come to know about the lives of great people through the information recorded in their diaries. Anne Frank is one such personality.

Guidelines for writing a Diary:

• A Diary is generally written at night. This way the day's happenings can be recorded.
• The language and tone is generally informal and personal.
• Personal pronouns can be used.
• A Diary entry can include your personal secrets, joys, sorrows and fears. you should not allow anybody to read your diary as it is a record of your personal feelings and emotions.

1. Your cousin has been recently engaged. Make a diary entry of your day's activities on the engagement ceremony of your cousin.

Wednesday

October 31,2020

10:30 p.m

Dear Diary:

Tonight I am Going to share with you the wonderful and fun-filled time i had at my cousin's engagement ceremony. The ceremony was held on October 27, 2020 at Hotel Raddison Blue, Delhi. My would-be Bhabi is so stunningly beautiful. Though, my brother excels millions in handsomeness. The couple were looking just out of this world! There was a huge gathering of 1000 friends and relatives from both the sides. The girls's side had arranged fabulous entertainment and banquet. The famous singer, Mika singh had been hired for the occasion. I was also looking very charming in my blue gown! There are thousands of photographs as well as the video coverage of the program. I will show all of them to my friends. That's all for now. Good night.

V) E-mail

E-mail or electronic mail is a store & forward method of composing, sending, storing and receiving messages over electronic communication system. 

Proper format of Email is shown in picture below:

 

Important points for an E-Mail:

1. While writing an e-mail, the first column that has to be filled is 'To'. Here, the e-mail address of the receiver is written

2. In the 'Cc' & 'Bcc' column the e-mail address of any other persons to whom e-mail has to be sent, is written. However, if e-mail has to be sent to one person only then the 'Cc' & 'Bcc' are to be ignored.

3. In the Subject Column, a  clue to the content is written. It need not be a complete sentence. However, it should be brief.

4. Salutation includes the first name of the receiver in case of an informal message & ' Dear Sir/Madam', in case of a formal message.

5. The body should start with a pleasant opening statement or a greeting. The message written should be clear & polite. Words like 'Please' & 'Thank you' should be used. Each main idea should be in a separate paragraph. Complete sentence should be used.

6. After proof reading the e-mail, it can be sent by hitting the send button.

VI) Tense

VII) Narration

VIII) Modals

IX) Preposition

X)  The Conjunction

The conjunction  are used to join words or sentences, e.g:

1. A boy & a girl

2. The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable.

Types of Conjunction

There are five types of conjunctions:

i) Coordinating conjunctions.

ii) Correlative conjunctions.

iii) Subordinating conjunctions.

iv) Compound Conjunctions

v) Linking Adverbs & transitions adverbs.

i) Coordinating conjunctions.

The coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, & clauses of equal ranks. The coordinating conjunctions include: (and, but, or, for, yet, so).

a)And: It is used to combine two words, sentences or ideas, e.g.

• I like to drink tea & coffee.
• He eats cake, chocolate, pastry & chips.

b) But: it is used to connect two contrast ideas. e.g:

• Arshid likes red, but Umer likes blue.
• I am dancing but she is singing.

c) Or:It is used to express a choice between two things.

• You can eat it with a fork or  a spoon.
• You are making the diagram horizontally or vertically

d) Nor: it is used to combine two words or ideas both of which are to be negated.

e.g:

•  Ram is drinking neither hot chocolate not coffee.
• Kiran has not come nor has Shayam

e)For: It is used as a conjunction of purpose or reason, e.g:

• I cannot attend the meeting for i am unwell.
• I am not willing to spend so much money on it for i am unwell.

f) Yet:  it is used to express that something has not happened but you expect it to happen. e.g:

• I am not very comfortable doing it yet i will try doing it.
• It felt strange & yet so wonderful to ski in the summer.

g) So: it is used as a conjunction of result or consequence. e.g:

• Everyone was busy in work so I brought all the items himself.
• All the rooms of the hotel were occupied, so i had to shift here.

ii) Correlative conjunctions.

Those conjunctions that are used in pairs to connect two words, phrases or sentences are known as correlative conjunctions. Some of them are:

Either.......or: It is used to show choice between two things. e.g;

• Either Max or James has taken the pen.
• I will drink  either cold coffee or ice tea.

Neither......nor: It is used to refuse both of the choices, e.g:

• I will go to neither jaipur nor Jaisalmer.
• Neither they are writing nor they are allowing me to write.

Both......and: It is used to combine two ideas.

• My brother is both smart & intelligent.
• I will eat both North Indian Food & Chinese Food.

whether.....or: It is used to express doubt or choice between two things. e.g;

• Tell me whether you will  do it or not?
• Do you know whether it will be raining today or not?

not only but also: it is used to express the inclusion of more than one thing. e.g;

• She is not only a dancer but also singer.
• We are not only composing the music for a film but also directing a film.

iii) Subordinating conjunctions.

A subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning. some subordinating conjunctions are:

After

if

Though, Although & Even though

iv) Compound Conjunctions

Compound conjunction are the group of words (phrases) that are used  as conjunction

v) Linking Adverbs & transitions adverbs.

These are used to connect two independent clauses or sentences. The linking adverbs and transition words are used to provide transition between ideas.

xi) Clauses

 Clause: A clause is a part of a sentence with a subject & a verb (Finite) in each part.

e.g;

 i) As she came, he had gone.

ii) As he cried, she had fallen down.

iii) if you pray, God will help you

PRINCIPLE & SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Principle Clause or Main clause: It is a part of a sentence which has a subject &  a verb & has its own full meaning without any joining word (conjunction) before it.

e.g;

i) You will succeed if you work hard.

ii) You will get your money whenever you want.

Subordinate Clause: It is a part of sentence with a subordinator in the beginning of clause. It does not have its own complete meaning.

Subordinator: It is a conjunction or a joining word. It cannot help the clause to provide a complete meaning.

e.g  

if it does not rain, i shall meet you. (if=subordinator)

Note: The clause with subordinator ( in the beginning of a clause) is always a subordinate Clause.

e.g Though he is poor, he is honest.

Come near, so that i can return your purse

Nobody has idea how the earth was created.

i know the reason why you are late in the class.

KINDS OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

1. Noun Clause.

2. Adjective Clause.

3. Adverb Clause.

1) Noun Clause: A Clause that does the work of a Noun is called a Noun Clause.